In 1912, Northcote Thomas captured a photograph of the Omu of Okpanam, though her name was not recorded. Okpanam, an Enuani Igbo town located near present-day Asaba in Delta State, Nigeria, was home to this unique and powerful institution. The Omu [pronounced awe-mu] were influential women who played pivotal roles in both market control and spiritual leadership in Igbo communities west of the Niger River.
The Role of the Omu in Igbo Society
The Omu were titled women with significant responsibilities in communities, especially among the Enuani people, and historically in places like Onitsha and Osomari, located on the east bank of the Niger River. Each community that upheld the Omu institution had only one Omu at a time, symbolizing a central figure of authority. The Omu’s role included being the spiritual protector of the Obi, or king, and exercising control over the community’s markets.
Working closely with diviners, the Omu performed sacred rites that benefited the entire community. They held the sole authority to open markets, and they were often the final arbiters in market disputes. In certain periods and communities, the Omu would assume titles traditionally reserved for men, and they would often dress in male attire. This unique status was typically given to post-menopausal women, who were considered to have reached a level of social standing equal to men in Igbo culture.
As part of their tradition, Omu were not permitted to marry men. Instead, they were known to marry women, referred to as wives, who would assist them in their duties and bear children on their behalf. This practice reinforced the Omu’s independence and authority within the community.
Impact of Colonialism on the Omu Institution
With the advent of colonialism, the Omu’s influence in market and societal leadership was significantly reduced. The British indirect rule system imposed gender biases that undermined the authority of the Omu, leading to a decline in their traditional powers. In some Igbo communities, the institution of the Omu faded entirely as a result of these colonial policies.
The Enduring Presence of the Omu
Despite these challenges, the institution of the Omu has survived in many communities, and today, there are still active Omu who continue to uphold their traditional roles. They remain respected figures within their communities, symbolizing the resilience and adaptability of this historic institution, which continues to play an important role in Igbo society.
